Performance-enhancing substances encompass a broad range of substances used to enhance any human activity. While anabolic steroids represent a clear example, the categorization isn’t always clear-cut. For instance, caffeine’s classification as a PES is debated. This ambiguity highlights the complex interplay of factors determining what constitutes a PES. Types of

I understand that this article is probably a bit longer and more detailed than you bargained for. And if you’ve made it this far, congratulations! There’s a lot of technical mumbo-jumbo littering this piece, and knowing myself, I’ve probably got side-tracked and gone off on a tangent once or thrice.

When starting your new mesocycle, you will have experienced a slight reduction in fitness from your deload; therefore, it’s a good idea to begin the first training week conservatively in volume, load, and intensity. Use knowledge of prior performances to estimate loads for the given rep ranges/intensities. If you are